Work With Parents to Meet their Children’s Needs

Work with parents to meet their children’s needs Explain changes which parenthood makes to the lives of parents. Before a child is even born the parents are adapting theirs lives getting ready for it to change into something they can only imagine what it will be like. A process of bonding is their when the child is born, imagining what it would be like to hitting reality of what parenthood is like. Parents have to care for a child in so many ways, teaching them different things and being that role model to live their life good like they have.When a child is able to talk then the parenthood changes again and adapts in other ways from what they have when the child was born. They are faced with questions about their priorities, about how much time they should give to the baby, and how much time to devote to other aspects of life. Parents face all kinds of authority and rules what should be sett for children and learning to make that decision if it is broken.Parents can imagine ho w they could be towards their child, not getting angry or annoyed during different times, setting boundaries and making an image of what they be like when in fact it changes at each stage of child development. As they grow older parents may start to evaluate how they have been in the past, especially due to a child’s behaviour. Changing and figuring out how they want to interpret and answer their children’s questions. Showing what type of knowledge and skills they may have. They compare themselves to other parents, teachers and child care staff to see if they are doing right or wrong or agreeing weather they do it right.The older the child gets the more they realise their child is not them. Parents have to decide when to say yes and when to say no, pressurised into buying them things this happens throughout the ages especially when they are younger. Parents are pressurised into buying children almost anything because they think if they do not do so and make them fit in like everyone else they then label themselves as bad parents which is not the case. They are the decision maker of the child up until their old enough to make them there selves which is another point of pressure for them as the child gets older.Parents lead by example, they can change as much as a child will change but they will only change because their leader has. A child grows all the time and throughout parenthood it changes each day, feeding out of a bottle to eating adult’s meals or nappies to pants. Parenthood is a learning curve to each parent and they are changing all the time to meet the needs of a child. Children enjoy being like everyone else, if someone has a toy they like they automatically need that toy or if someone has a new gadget they have to try then want want want.Some children see it as an offence not to get what they want there and then and this cause’s arguments, crying, behaviour problems, and friction in the relationship. Social networks are a point of call where the parent makes a big decision on letting them use it or not, if they don’t will they go ahead anyway and get into trouble if they don’t know about it or if they let them what happens if bulling happens. Social networking is a rather dangerous place to go and for a parent it’s even scarier because it’s letting the protection of them go a little when they are using the internet of social network sites.Children need their independence and will take pleasure in having this authority but the parent needs to trust their children and loose control a little but also watch them on what they are doing and visualising. Children change through the years of being a child but parents also get older and things start to change depending on the ages of parents some get a lot older and not as clued up as others as to what children get up to in the new generation and some do not let any of them out of their site but as children grow older they become more independent and form new relationships, friendships and move to higher education.From a young age children are left under the care of another adult other than the parent such as play days, nurseries, parties and so many more places, trusting those in their care to look after their child safely and properly is a huge issue parents face every day, as they grow older they are left at primary school, secondary school, college and university then they are left in there own care when they are old enough just because a child has grown into an adult does not mean a parent will change there way of thinking or caring for them if anything it will grow stronger after the years of creating the relationship you have with a child.As children grow older and mix more with other aged children it becomes a worry for parents to know if their child is being bullied at school or college, handling and dealing with the issue is a stressful time because they have to be adult about it and deal with it in a responsible manor.

Inequality in British Schools Essay

The educational system is one of the most influential institutions in society as it provides young people with a vast amount of knowledge, attitudes and skills. These are acquired formally through set lessons or informally through the ‘hidden curriculum’ which provides the unofficial and unplanned consequences of school experience. Social Inequality is one of the major preoccupations of sociology. The relationship between inequality and education has been studied for many years. Although it seems obvious that educational success is simply down to an individual’s capabilities and motivation, sociological research shows that the inequalities in social class, gender and race and ethnicity have had a huge influence in the differential achievement within British schooling. The development of the educational system in Britain was first put in place to secure equal educational opportunities for all young people, however despite these efforts, sociological evidence states that not all children with the same ability achieve the same success. Some sociologists, such as Charles Murray have contended with the idea that genetic intellectual potential determines an individual’s performance in school. This idea is rejected by the conflict theorist’s as they believe social class to be one of the main factors that determine whether a child is successful at school or not, as there are major differences between the levels of achievement of those that are part of the working social class and those apart of the middle class. (Macionis. J, Plummer.K, 2008) One of the main explanations for this is material deprivation. Working class families are financially in a worse position than those of the middle class and therefore are not able to make the most of their educational opportunities. As they are living in poorer housing conditions they may not have the space at home to be able to complete their schoolwork with full concentration. The lack of financial funds means that many families will not be able to provide their children with the necessities needed to fully develop within education, for example a household computer, sports equipment, or even money for school trips. It may be financially difficult for parents on a low income to support their children in higher education as well. Although student grants have been put in place, many children avoid higher education as they worry about the debt or travel costs. It also more likely for those from a working class  background to be managing education with a part time job, such as paper rounds or shop work, this can cause conflict between the amount of time available for work and the amount of time spent on studying. (Browne. K, 2005) Research suggests that it is not only factors outside of the school that can effect achievement; there are also factors inside the school that have an impact on a child’s educational experiences. Teachers have been known to take into account things such as a child’s standard of behaviour, dress, speech and their social class and background and this reflects how teachers treat particular individuals within the classroom. Teachers are often part of the middle class and the children that share the same values and standards are likely to be seen as ‘brighter’ than those with working class values. The working class have a different focus on their values, attitudes and their lifestyle in soc iety. This often works as a barrier to the success of the working class. The blame for underachievement is often focused in the direction of the family and community. These material and cultural conditions put working class children at a disadvantage when it comes to achievement in schools. Many of these factors, which have no relation to biological potential, have contributed to the educational class divide in Britain. Sociologist Robert.K.Merton was credited for the term ‘self-fulfilling prophecy’ which focuses on a teacher’s attitude towards a pupil, for example if a pupil is labelled as bright and is encouraged and praised by the teacher, the child will feel self-confident and will strive for success. On the other hand if the teacher labels a pupil as ‘un co-operative’ or from a ‘poor’ background, this can cause low self-esteem and the pupil will be likely to fail to achieve much success. The Neo Marxist’s perspective on class stratification in Britain claims that schools create a ‘false class consciousness’ so it seems that they promote equal opportunities for all, but they really reproduce a capitalist division of labour, preparing young people for class-determined careers in the labour market. Willis (1977) accepts the Marxist’s view on education being closely linked to the needs of the capitalist’s system; however he does not agree with the idea of there being a direct link between education and the economy. (Macionis. J, Plummer.K, 2008) His study found that â€Å"poorer children often grow up in environments where people see little hope of upward social mobility and rebel against the system rather than trying to  conform with in. In such an environment adults often discourage rather than encourage success at school.† (Macionis. J, Plummer.K, 2008) Social class is not the only inequality in Britain’s schooling. So ciologists have also found a link between gender and academic success. Until the late 1980’s there was high concern about the underachievement of girls. Societies had been structured to consider schooling more important for males than for females. Although the gap in gender inequality has narrowed in Britain, many women still study traditionally feminine subjects, such as literature whilst men are more likely to study subjects that are seen to be more masculine like engineering. (Macionis. J, Plummer.K, 2008) Sue Sharpe in a 1976 survey called ‘just like a girl’ discovered that the priorities of young girls were ‘love, marriage, husbands, children and then jobs and careers, more or less in that order’. When she repeated her research in 1994, she found that the order had changed to ‘having a job, career and being able to support themselves before having a family.’ (Browne. K, 2005) Weiner (1995) has argued that teachers have more forcefully challenged stereotypes since the 1980’s and sexist images have been removed from learning materials, which could be the reason for the changes in girl’s attitudes towards their own education. The increase in incentives for girls to gain qu alifications has been due to a number of reasons, one of them being the women’s movement that managed to achieve a great deal of success in challenging traditional stereotypes for women’s roles in society. Many women now look past traditional roles, such as housewives and mothers and are motivated to gain independence and to do well in their careers. Women on average work hard during their time at school and are more motivated to do well. They put more effort into their presentation as they give up more time to do their school work. (Browne. K, 2005) It is clear that there have been major changes in the gender perception of girls in Britain’s schools and the inequalities between males and females has become less and less. Although certain traditional gender perceptions exist through subject choice, females now have more equal opportunities to gain knowledge within the classroom and achieve success. However in modern day society the tables have now turned and there has been a sudden ‘moral panic’ over the underachievement of boys. (Weiner, Arnot and David 1997) Swann (1992) found that boys dominated class discussion by often acting inappropriately and interrupting, whereas girls  are known to have a more laid back attitude within the classroom and are praised for their abilities to listen and co-operate, which leads to the teacher having a more positive view to girls within the class, helping to produce the ‘self-fulfilling prophecy’ of girls greater achievement levels. (Holborn.M and Langley.P, 2002) Mitsos and Browne accept that boys are under-achieving and suggest that it is because men are culturally encouraged to appear macho and tough in society and these types of behaviours take place within the classroom and distract from learning. They also believe that the decline in manual work may result in the working class boys losing motivation as it is getting harder and harder to find jobs. Although these reasons seem valid, sociologists believe that more research has to be done within this area. (Holborn.M and Langley.P, 2002) More recent studies on education and gender have come away from the simple ‘differential achievement’ and now take into account a lot more processes within schools. The active role of the pupil is seen to create gender relationships and the way in which children form ideas on identities is seen to have a bigger impact. We have discussed social class and gender inequalities within Britain’s schools; however we are still to look into ethni city and race and the effects this has on differential achievement within schools. Many children from ethnic minority backgrounds tend to not do as well as other members of the population when it comes to education. Similar to the working class issues as majority of ethnic minority groups are part of the working class they face a series of disadvantages in social conditions, such as poor housing conditions and higher rates of unemployment within their home, which can cause a disadvantage in the chances of success. (Macionis. J, Plummer.K, 2008) Ethnic minorities are also at a disadvantage in school as they often suffer from isolation or racism from other pupils or are even discriminated against from teachers. Although, all schools in Britain are now legally obliged to have an anti-racist policy and teachers are now trained in equality legislation, research in secondary schools has shown conflict between white teachers and African Caribbean pupils. Stereotypes of African Caribbean young males have caused teachers to have more positive expectations of other ethnic mi nority groups, more than others. This explains the high level of black exclusions from schools and also explains why most permanent exclusions are down to disobedience of some sort, for  example pupils refusing to conform to school rules or being verbally abusive to teachers. The Labelling of certain pupils can cause them to comply with what is expected of them, for example disruptive behaviour and therefore leads to major effects on achievement. Phoenix (2001) conducted numerous studies identifying racism in schools; some suggest teachers discriminate against black and South Asian students, treating them in stereotypical ways. (Holborn.M and Langley.P, 2002) Racism can cause ethnic minorities to feel in some ways rejected from society and therefore racism within schools can cause young people to feel rejected from school as well, which can lead to prevention of achievement as individuals are not able to work to their full potential as they are not happy and comfortable in the school environment. Not all sociologists agree with the inequalities of ethnic minorities in schools. Taylor (1981) argues that the emphasis on faults in the education system should be treated with some degree of caution. Teachers do not necessarily behave in ways that reflect negative stereotypes of ethnic minority groups according to Taylor and that many teachers consider ethnic equality within schools to be of a high level of importance. (Holborn.M and Langley.P, 2002) There is enough evidence to link differential achievement with inequalities within Britain’s schools. Social class and ethnic inequalities effect the education and success of some pupils to some extent. Although, there have been developments and improvements on equality in society as a whole including educational institutions, there is still a long way to go before all individuals can be provided with equal opportunities of success. There are still clear class divisions within Britain’s schools as the working class are constantly at a disadvantage which prevents them from achieving to their full potential. Ethnic minority groups have very similar issues that need to be addressed in order for equal opportunities to evolve. However, there have been drastic changes in gender equality in schools and females and males are now being treated equally within the classroom. These changes have occurred within the whole of society as traditional gender stereotypes have been broken. These changes have had positive results as females now strive to achieve success. Referencing Browne, K., 2005. An introduction to sociology. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Polity Press Holborn, M., Langley, P., 2002. Sociology Themes and Perspectives. Fulham: Collins Macionis, J.J., Plummer, K., 2008. Sociology. 4th ed. Essex: Pearson Moore, S., Aiken, D., Chapman, S., 2006. Sociology A2. 2nd ed. Fulham: Collins Girls and Education (online) Available at: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/girls_education.htm Assessed on 07/06/2012

Audit for Ethical Professional Board- Free Samples to Students

APES deals with Code of ethics with professional accountants 1.Ernie Dengate have sold his accounting practice which consists of bookkeeping ,taxation and auditing. With the permissio he released all the working papers. But for others he was unable to take the permission. Jago took over all the working papers who bought the practice. An Existing Auditor   is bound by confidentiality. Whether that Associate is permitted or required to deliberate the businesses of a client with a future accountant will be contingent on the nature of the appointment and on: (a) Whether the client‘s authorization is taken ; or (b) The legal or ethical supplies relating to such communications and revelation, which may differ by authority. Thus he cannot transfer all working papers without permissions. (Accounting professional& Ethical professional Board , 2017). He will be liable under 210 Section.   2.Fred Nark an accountant provides services of tax and management advisoory services and also at the same time does audit for the same clients. Any auditr who is providing consultancy services or any type of services cannot audit for the same. It is simple the maker cannot be the checker. The auditor is liable of professional misconduct .Thus he will liable under Section 290. Accounting professional& Ethical professional Board (2017).AASB 110 [online] Available at: https://www.apesb.org.au/uploads/standards/apesb_standards/standard1.pdf [Accessed   9 th April. 2017].[1] amount of the effecamot in future periods is not disclosed because estimating it is impracticable, an entity shall disclose that fact if the amount of the effect in future periods is not disclosed because estimating it is impracticable, an entity shall disclose that fact mount of the effect in future periods is not disclosed because estimating it is impracticable, an entity shall disclose that fact However, to the extent that a change in an accounting estimate gives rise to changes in assets and liabilities However, to the extent that a change in an accounting estimate gives rise to changes in assets and liabilities ever, to the extent that a change in an accounting estimate gives rise to changes in assets and liabilities

Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone - Essay Example The character and essence of Voldemort is an essential part of the novel and Rowling has used her skill to make it an interesting and influential character in Harry’s life and the story. The novel starts with the life of Harry Potter with his parents and then eventually with the Dursley family. He learns that he is a wizard and is sent to Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. He makes two best friends there named Ron and Hermione. The three friends start searching for mysterious connections at Hogwarts. On Christmas they discover the three-headed guard dog which guards the Sorcerer’s Stone. This stone is capable of giving unlimited wealth and eternal life to the owner. It belongs to the old partner of Dumbledore, the head of Hogwarts (Rowling 75). After that Hagrid, a giant who gets Harry admission to Hogwarts, gets a dragon egg as a win of the poker game. Owning dragons was illegal hence Harry, Ron, and Hermione are caught and punished. For their punishment, they were sent to the enchanted forest to search for the one who had been killing unicorns. Harry finds a man in the forest who is wearing a hood and is drinking the blood of a unicorn. That man attacks Harry but Harry is saved by a man who tells him that the person who attacked him was Voldemort (Rowling 159). Voldemort is the same person who was trying to steal the Sorcerer’s Stone, and who had murdered Harry’s parents when Harry was just one year old. He had attacked harry back then also but it was unsuccessful. Harry decides to stop Voldemort and thus plans to get the stone before he does. Along with his friends he sneaks in the night and passes the guard dog. However, Harry is caught and there are orders for him to die. It is shown that Voldemort is the one who caught him and ordered him to die in someone else’s body. There is a struggle and a fight and Harry is

Psychological pressure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Psychological pressure - Essay Example In case the pressure has grown or has an everlasting effect, it may cause psychological illness or long term chronic diseases. Pressure can be as a result of both daily responsibilities and routine events, or it can as well be caused by unusual events such as illness or trauma of oneself or family member. Human body highly respond to psychological pressure by releasing stress hormones (such as epinephrine) which in turn increases blood pressure, increases speed heart rate, and raises blood sugar level (Dambacher and HÃ ¼bner, 13). In order to perceive threats a person acts on the changes with greater strength and speed. It is therefore essential to learn how to deal and handle those pressures. However, a person has to clearly understand the causes of psychological pressure. This is to aid reduce the negative impact of pressure in people’s lives enabling them to live a more healthy lives. By meeting live threatening events, people have the kind of oppressive feeling of psychological pressure which at times is represented by cognitive, emotion and behavioral responses. Psychological pressure has shown can cause stress and research has indicated that people who have suffered long term effect of stress can develop digestive problems, fertility problems, urinary complications, and a low immune system. The impact is large such that they are also more prone to viral infections such has flu or common cold and headaches, sleep disorders, depression and also anxiety. Psychological pressure can be caused by social or cultural factors and shifts; it can as well be as a result of psychological changes or physiological shifts, including required socialization changes. It can be as a result of traumatic experience that happened suddenly or some chronic tension. Situations such as unfavorable working conditions, financial breakdowns, death of family members or a friend, divorce or separation of spouse, are always greater contribution of psychological

2.Discuss the work of a medieval composer. Examine what is known (and Essay

2.Discuss the work of a medieval composer. Examine what is known (and what is not known) about the specific details of the composers life and what is known a - Essay Example In 1098, a tenth child was born to two wealthy members ÃŽ ¿f the nobility, Hildebert and Mechtilde, in Bockelheim, Germany. This child, a daughter, was given to the Church as a tax, and became Saint Hildegard ÃŽ ¿f Bingen, a composer, visionary, healer and author ÃŽ ¿f major theological works. In the 12th century, Hildegard ÃŽ ¿f Bingen was one ÃŽ ¿f very few female composers, and also part ÃŽ ¿f a small minority ÃŽ ¿f medieval women who could even read or write. Her visions and instruction from God were initially questioned, and she met difficulty in making many ÃŽ ¿f her visions’ instructions into reality. Hildegard ÃŽ ¿f Bingen spent her life constantly defending the validity ÃŽ ¿f her visions, while gaining a form ÃŽ ¿f fame within the western world, which was rare for a woman in that time. Although many ÃŽ ¿f her strictly literary works reinforce many traditional beliefs ÃŽ ¿f the church, her music itself, in its lyrics and actual melodic construction embodies many different, even liberal ideas and images. By studying her life, accomplishments, compositions and other works, it is clear that Hildegard ÃŽ ¿f Bingen broke many patriarchal norms within her society, and saw recognition for her work beyond that ÃŽ ¿f any other women ÃŽ ¿f her time. When Hildegard was given to the church at the age ÃŽ ¿f eight, partially because she was the tenth child which was also known as the â€Å"tithe† child for wealthy families, and was usually given to the church. Also, she was sickly in health from a very young age, and also recalls having visions at an early age, mainly a vision ÃŽ ¿f an inexplicably bright light at the age ÃŽ ¿f three. Giving a child to the church as a tax was also a respectable way for noble families to deal with physically or mentally ill children, which is quite possibly how her explanations ÃŽ ¿f her early visions may have sounded to her parents. Likely because ÃŽ ¿f those experiences at such a

'The principle of binding precedent is too inflexible and stifles the Essay

'The principle of binding precedent is too inflexible and stifles the development of the law. It should be abolished.' Discu - Essay Example Similarly if the binding precedent was one that allows for same sex marriages the judge would have to rule in favour of that statute regardless of their own personally held belief to the contrary2. This principal has been followed in jurisprudence in all of the countries that follow the precepts of common law3. There are a couple of situations that must obtain where the Binding Precedent has to be followed. The first is that the courts accept the hierarchy that is in place and the superiority of the court or judge that ruled in the binding precedent. The level of the court can also be the same as the one hearing the latter case. The second situation is that the material facts of law in the latter case must be similar or be based on the same principle as the matter in the original precedent. Binding precedents, as a whole, are usually covered by the doctrine or principle of the Latin maxim: Stare Decisiset Non QueitaMovere which in its most literal translation means â€Å"stand by th e decision and do not unsettle the established†. ... The first of such reasons is for the efficiency that the use of device of binding precedentaffords as well as the savings in time and resources in the deliberation and ruling on a matter at hand. The binding precedent does not stifle the development of law but rather improves the efficiency of the application of law. The main principle here being that if each and every judgement was made as a â€Å"fresh† or â€Å"new† ruling, without relying on an kind of precedence then it would result in an arbitrary and unnecessary delay in the judicial decision-making process. The use of the binding precedent therefore results in a much faster and more efficient administration of justice and employs this time-saving device in a way that results in a faster and more efficient legal process. If a similar matter has been heard and determined during a previous time and most probably by a court of higher authority there really is no reason why a lower court should not dispense of the de cision in quicker fashion by accepting the precedent. The binding precedent also provides the administration of justice with a certain degree of certainty. It allows litigants to approach the courts with a certainty that all things being equal then the balance of justice would be the same regardless of the time and place of its actual implementation4. The binding precedent means that lawyers can advise their clients with confidence and certainty on matters of legal principle knowing that the previously existing authorities will be able to bear them out and results in a greater confidence in the law by those that pursue claims through the court process. Binding precedent ensures that the lesson learnt in previous judgements and ruling is therefore consistently and similarly applied in future and that

Emergency Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Emergency Management - Essay Example According to the Texas Impact (2008), at the time of the flood, â€Å"the ARC set up food and water stations, provided medical care, and established mass shelters to house the disaster victims.† Leading on from the performance of the American Red Cross in this disaster, it organization was granted a federal charter in 1900 by congress to provide support in time of disaster. A lot more non-governmental agencies and charity organizations were given similar recognition in major disasters such as â€Å"the Galveston Hurricane and Storm Surge in 1900, San Francisco Earthquake in 1906, the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927, and the droughts of 1930-1931† (Texas Impact). Though the efforts of the non-governmental organizations were commendable, the task seemed just too much to be left to their care alone especially as government least supported them with funds (Sylves, 2008). Concerns were therefore raised in the mid 1900s as the situation was eventually curtailed in 1950 when congress passed what came to be known as the Federal Disaster Relief Program (FDP). The FDP transferred power to the president from congress. With this power, the president was then mandated to be the sole authority that could declare disaster. FEMA (2011) notes that the Stafford Act (1988) â€Å"constitutes the statutory authority for most Federal disaster response activities especially as they pertain to FEMA and FEMA programs.† The Stafford Act is quite limited in the kind of relief or support it can give out in time of a major disaster or an emergency (Meola, 2011). The first of these relief assistances is emergency work, which is carried out upon the instruction of the president. The emergency work includes such activities as clearing and removing debris, restoration of public facilities and freeing wreckage. The support also includes the provision of legal services, giving out unemployment assistance, giving out of food coupons for the onward

Team Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Team Analysis - Essay Example Alexies is another flexible, charming, extraordinary caring and social lady. She ensures that everything required to make the team moving such as writing materials are provided. She is also able to change very first with situations, hence flexible and understanding. Dre is another excellent administrator who shows traits of a very dedicated and a curious thinker who is not able to resist an intellectual challenge. The then complements the team by reminding us always of the rules and regulations of the team that must be followed and ensures participation by every group member. Jawon is another charismatic and inspiring man who is able to mesmerize his listeners. He therefore help the team with inspiring quotes and related experiences to help us make informed decisions as we work together as a team. Sharon closes the list as a spontaneous energetic and a strategic thinker who always has a plan for everything. She therefore helps the team with its planning of activities in a logical man ner, which has been a milestone in enabling the team to achieve its some of its goals. On my side, I am also another smart, energetic and very perceptive person who always adds in the gap in the team to join all the ideas presented in order to make logical conclusions, hence making the team make steps towards completion of its tasks. After we were assigned team members, we went ahead to work with the team members as assigned as we believed in working with anybody as a team to uplift each other. We did not therefore add or drop any team members. The team therefore was not affected in anyway due to new members getting in it or other members being dropped. Some of the biggest challenges have been those concerning place and time to meet. Initially, after the members had been assigned to the team, we were faced with the challenge of finding the most appropriate place to meet. We wanted a quiet place with minimal

Effective Legal Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Effective Legal Study - Essay Example The exchange of ideas can be done online in the course of legal study and research. 1 The purpose of a legal study and research will ensure the students the skills and knowledge required for a barrister. The assistance of IT in learning will enable the law students and researchers to speed up their study. According to Claire of University of West of England, web based guide can enhance the legal research skills in tutoring the law students. The guide must be useful to campus based and distance learners. The use of multimedia to enhance law teaching cannot be ignored. This results in growth of institutional repositories and open access journals will take place expanding the scope of knowledge reach. Every University and Law school can develop a web interactive guide for law students. This can enable not only campus based students to study law but also the distance learners can fulfil their quest for studying the law. This can even help the researchers who research for a particular project or assignment regarding Law. The project officer who monitors the development of interactive guide and its updating must monitor atleast for 2 to 3 days a week. The universities and law schools must consider the lack of budget for enhancing IT skills and web interaction for their students. The lack of budget problems can be addressed by the management and this interaction can make inter university discussion possible. The staff shortages due to lack IT skills must be addressed by the appropriate training for the present staff or by recruiting new staff who are IT savvy. 2 The librarians in the law faculty must be made involved in the development of web interactive guide for law students. This guide must be useful to law practitioners also if it is upgraded in a timely manner. The academic standards will improve if the web interactive guide was upgraded according to the time. The teaching hours can be increased by making teaching possible in leisure hours and holidays by online teaching and interacting methods. The personal contact programmes can be used for advanced research if the lessons and guidance was given online. The assignments correction and receiving can be done online and the evaluation of the student can be done in personal interaction at the end of the module. This type of approach is more sustainable to attract more students and making them successful in their law study and research. 3. Advantages of IT in Law Study and Research The complex nature of legal research can be made simpler by applying search IT skills for the research purposes. This can enhance efficiency and speed of the research. The IT skills and online presentations can address the staffing constraints in Law schools and Universities. The lack of enquiry on law floor can be addressed

The Life of Maya Angelou Essay Example for Free

The Life of Maya Angelou Essay Maya Angelou is a black female who had a tragic childhood, but fought through it and ended up extremely influential, prestigious, and successful. She spent her childhood being tossed back and forth between California and Alabama with her older brother. During her middle years she had to learn how to grow up fast and make a living on her own. American poet/writer Maya Angelou pulled through a difficult life to write beautiful poetry and stories to inspire and encourage her readers. On April 4, 1928, Maya Angelou was born in St. Louis, Missouri. She is the â€Å"daughter of Bailey and Vivian [Baxter] Johnson† (Maya). She had only one older brother, Bailey, named after his father. Her mother, â€Å"Vivian Baxter Johnson, worked variously as a card dealer, boarding house proprietor, and registered nurse† (Angelou). Her mother had three husbands but many lovers. Angelou’s father was Bailey Johnson, â€Å"a doorman and a naval dietician† (Angelou). After she was born, she and her family moved to Long Beach, California. It was there that her parents’ marriage ended in a divorce. â€Å"When she was three, her father put Maya and her four year old brother on a train from California to Stamps, Arkansas† (American 2). They went to live with Annie Henderson, their grandmother. â€Å"On the train they had tags around their wrists with notes ‘To Whom it May Concern’ explaining their names and their destination† ( American 3). Maya’s child hood was rough without her parents and she began to resent them. Her mother tried to have a relationship with her but she was not always very successful. One Christmas, â€Å"Maya destroy[ed] a blond-haired doll her mother had sent her but preserves the other gift†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (American 3). Not having a mother around was only one of the hardships she faced. Her grandmother owned a general store, but she was a black woman in a racist area. Angelou witnessed â€Å"economic hardship, murderous hate, and ingrained denigration† (Maya). Maya Angelou’s early years were not very happy, but they set the stage for the rest of her life. During Maya Angelou’s middle years she went back and forth from her mother and grandmother a lot. Tragically, â€Å"at the age of eight, Angelou was raped† (Maya). She had gone to visit her mother a little while after the divorce. â€Å"Maya was raped by her mother’s boyfriend. After the crime was discovered, Maya was forced to testify† (Angelou). Only days after the trial, the man who committed the crime â€Å"was found beaten to death in an alley†(Angelou). Maya began to believe that it was her fault that the man was killed so she stopped talking. The experience influenced many of her stories and poems later in her life. Angelou attended various â€Å"public schools in Arkansas and California† (Maya). Once Angelou began to speak again, she became actively associated in her education. â€Å"Maya was able to graduate with top honors from Lafayette County Training School in Stamps† (American 4). She then moved back to San Francisco with her mother. â€Å"She graduated from George Washington High School† (American 4). The high school was mostly white, but she made it through. â€Å"While still in high school she received a scholarship to study dance and theater at the California Labor School† (American 4). However, Angelou did not attend the school because she pregnant. She was very insecure about her body, â€Å"she thought that her large bones, small breasts, and deep voice indicate that she is a lesbian† (American 4). She then tried to make herself feel better by sleeping with a boy in the neighborhood. â€Å"Maya is a single young mother, yet still herself a child, a mother afraid she might harm her baby† (American 4). Angelou’s mother constantly sent her back and forth between California and Arkansas as they both tried to figure out what was best for the child. Angelou’s middle years were difficult, but would also influence her later writing. Maya Angelou’s adult life came very early for her as she experienced the trials of a young, unemployed, single, teenage mother. She and her child were â€Å"living in San Francisco with her mother and her [mothers] new husband† (American 4). Angelou was only 17, her son was still an infant, so she needed to find a job. She tried being â€Å"a busgirl and a cook at a Creole restaurant† (American 5). While working there, she thought she found the man of her dreams. But the dream quickly came to an end when the man’s  girlfriend returned from a long term trip. Angelou quickly moved on the next job hoping to make some money. â€Å"She became a nightclub waitress and met two lesbians, Johnnie Mae and Beatrice† (American 5). She quickly discovered that they were alcoholic prostitutes. â€Å"Maya convinces them to turn their house into a whorehouse† (American 5). Her brother, Bailey, advises her to quit, insisting that he will always be there for her. Angelou stays in California to raise her child but travels often. As a curious young mother trying to get by, waiting for the next chapter in life. In the early 1950’s, Angelou got married for the first time to a man named Tosh Angelos. She met him â€Å"when she was working as a salesgirl in a record store† (American 6). Tosh was a sailor who loved jazz, â€Å"but she was also bothered by what she senses to be the disapproval from others because of the interracial marriage† (American 6). Therefore, the marriage only lasted about three years. Soon after, Angelou became a dancer and a singer. â€Å"She performed in the popular west Indian calypso style at The Purple Onion† (Angelou). Angelou stopped traveling as much in 1960, when she realized that she could be a part of something huge. One Sunday morning, Angelou attended service at a Harlem church. Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. was preaching, it then inspired her. â€Å"She decided to produce a play and raise money for King’s Southern Leadership Conference† (Angelou). In 1961, Angelou moved to Cairo, Egypt and remarried. â€Å"In 1963, after her marriage ended, she moved to Accra to be with her son† (Angelou). In 1966 she went back to California to continue acting, singing, and writing. She published her autobiography â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings in 1970† (Angelou). Another highlight of her adult life was when she gave the presidential inauguration in 1993. Nevertheless, the trials and tribulations that she faced became an influence to many. â€Å"Angelou is most familiar to her international audience for her series of auto biographies† (American 1). She had five major autobiographies that reflected upon her childhood, middle years, and adult life. â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, Gather Together in My Name, Singin’ and Swingin’ and Getting’ Merry Like Christmas, The Heart of a Women, and All God’s Children  Need Traveling Shoes† (American 2). I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings was published in 1970, it quickly became popular and got a nomination for the National Book Award. â€Å"It covers her childhood and adolescence until the birth of her son, when she was 17† (Angelou).

Theoretical Positions of Freud, Adler, Jung, and James Essay Example for Free

Theoretical Positions of Freud, Adler, Jung, and James Essay Introduction Historically, some of the greatest insights of psychological analysis stemmed from the minds of ordinary men and women. In many respects, most psychodynamic theories come from psychoanalysis studies that have been conducted over the generations. Science has worked meticulously to establish quality and validation to structuralist perspectives; however it was functionalism movement that were more qualitative in nature. Although not directly associated with the movement, psychologists such as Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, Carl Jung, and William James made is possible to explain the purpose of the human consciousness. They all wanted to discover a way to improve the quality of the lives of individuals rather than focus on laboratory research; a more direct approach to mapping the mind. Their variations in theory were designed to focus on the foundation of human behaviors and the best way to provide accurate analysis and treatment to those behavior motivators. Sigmund Freud: Perspectives and Major Disagreements Conscious and Unconscious: Freud’s Theories – Disagreement In regards to Freudian psychology, Vaughan wrote, â€Å"the imposing, assertive methods of the arrangement†¦made ideal the rise of forceful obstruction in its train (1927). James and Freud have the most significant differences in perspectives. James felt introspection and self-reflection is the way to understanding life within the mental states (Goodwin, 2008). However, Freud believes that behavior is regulated by the unconscious mind. This was made understandable through free association and dreams. Ultimately, Freud thought professionals could figure out the state and individual based the  state on the analysis of his or her dreams (Freud, 1911). But, self-reflection was what James believed (Hart, 2008). Freud’s Sexual Motivations – Disagreement Adler and Jung, who formerly related with Freud, found disagreements with Freud’s theory of sexual motivations and psychosexual developments (Vaughan, 1927). These men argued that placing extreme prominence on the motivation through sex would reduce individual behaviors to only one motivation that is fundamental (Vaughan, 1927). Adler wanted the theory he created to become the main stimulus and foundation through his psychological theories replacing Freud’s emphasis on sexual motivation. He would replace this with self-reflection (Vaughan, 1927). Freud would focus on forces held internally to include; sexual motivation, biological dispositions, and conflicts. Adler’s theories concentrated on social factors (Goodwin, 2008). The most similar views out of the four men where Jung and Freud (Goodwin, 2008). Again Freud would be questioned by Jung and his thoughts within sexual motivations, concluding the theories of analytical psychology (Goodwin, 2008). Although Jung ’s views can be comparable to Freud’s, Jung would extend the theory to embrace a perspective that was more advanced (Goodwin, 2008). Alfred Adler and the Individual Psychology Alfred Adler was an Austrian doctor, psychotherapist, and the main founder of the school of individual psychology. He strongly believed in the importance of the feeling of inferiority or the inferiority complex. The inferiority complex is well known as a major key of developing personalities. An inferiority complex is a lack of self-worth, doubting oneself, uncertain of ability, or feeling as if you are not up to standards. He believed this occurred in the subconscious and caused people to overcompensate. This resulted in people either doing exceeding well, or failing miserably resulting in behavior considered abnormal by society. He believed that people were whole individuals, and from that came his â€Å"Individual Psychology†. Freud disbelieved Adlers ideas and believed they were too contrary so he had all members of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society expel Adler. Despite the fact Freud believed Adler to be incorrect, he still took his ideas seriously and called them,  "honorable errors†. Carl Jung Than we had Carl Jung who was an analytical psychiatrist who is considered as the prototype of the dissident through the impact of his scission and the movement that he created when he became analytical. He was the son of a swiss reverend of a community, he went to school and studied the medical field but he specialized in psychiatry he also worked for a renowed psychiatric hospital in Zurich. Carl Jung had a strong personality and was also thought of as quite facinating he was introduced to Freud in 1907. They hit it off and he would soon be facinated by the prestige and personality that Carl Jung had he soon seen in him the son that could keep the survival of psychoanalysis. He really believed in hm and was so into his personality that it didn’t even face him that Jung was not a jewish like he was. Soon after Jung was traveling to the US and became the first president of the â€Å"International Association of Psychoanalysis†. He traveled the world for a while and did several analysis throughout the US he also became more and more away from his studies as he was aging. But he still got to accomplish a lot and also got to fund his own schools which really attracted a lot of people he was a master in what he did and really got to accomplish a lot in the field of Psychology. Compare and Contrasts As you can see all of the psychologists mentioned above had the same goal: explain the purpose of the human consciousness. Freud as the first to develop the basis of all psychodynamic theories: psychoanalysis. Understanding certain behaviors requires insight into the emotional responses that motivate specific reactions; sexual development was paramount to human behavior. He believed that the human psyche consisted of three parts: the Ego, Super-Ego, and the Id; all parts of the sexual developmental process. On the other hand, Adler’s theory was more straight-forward: he believed that these three parts operated as a single unit; the central theme of functionalism. Alder was the first to establish the idea that an individual’s personality was a direct reflection of their conscious. The psychologist that met these two in the middle was Carl Jung. Like Freud, Jung believed all behaviors were triggered by motivators, only he thought that the motivator was based on an inferio rity complex; and like Adler, he believed that the human psyche acted as a single unit. Jung was most  significant for his use of word association to understand unconscious responses to external stimuli. His efforts proved that the unconscious mind is able to provided responses independent from the conscious mind. And finally, James William emphasized the notion of a â€Å"stream of consciousness†Ã¢â‚¬â€an active agent of mental action that is constantly changing (Goodwin, 2008). Although each psychologist had a unique perspective of how the human psyche operated, they made it possible to explain the consciousness. Conclusion Some of the greatest insights into psychological analysis included Freud’s psychoanalysis; Adler’s individualism; Jung’s analytical perspective, and James’s â€Å"stream of thought† analogies. Because of their extensive efforts to explore the human consciousness, they are often referred to as the â€Å"founding fathers of modern psychology. Together they validated the significance of functionalism over structuralism; the truth lies in the purpose not the design. Each psychologist provided a unique approach to establish what the purpose of the consciousness; the basis of all human behavior. Variations in their theories provided many different approaches to target those behavior motivators. These great psychologist collectively improved the quality of life for many individuals over the generations. References: 1. Freud, S. (1911) Interpretation of Dreams (3rd edition) Retrieved May 12, 2014 from EbscoHost 2. Goodwin, C. J. (2008). A History of Modern Psychology (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. 3. Vaughan, W. (1927). The psychology of Alfred Adler. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 21(4), 358-371 EbsocHost 4. Durbin, P. (2004). Alfred Adler. Retrieved May 19, 2014, from http://www.alfredadler.org/alfred-adler 5. Fisher, M. (2010, May). Psychology History. Retrieved May 19, 2014, from http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/adler.htm 6. Kowalski, R., Westen, D. (2005). Psychology (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. 7. Jung, Carl. The Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology. Ed. Bonnie Strickland. 2nd ed. Detroit: Gale, 2001. 347-348. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 19 May 2014

Integrated Marketing Brand: Monster Energy Drink

Integrated Marketing Brand: Monster Energy Drink Monster energy drink is marketed and distributed by Hansen Natural Corporation, and at the beginning, Hansen Natural Corporation was distributed by PepsiCo Canada on November 10, 1986, and then transferred the distribution to Coca-Cola Enterprises (just-drinks.com), Coca-Cola United, and other Coca-Cola bottlers in many markets. Contracts with current distributors were bought out in these markets. In 2010, Monster Energy will expand their market and release their products to other countries, in order to grow their business. For instance, in Germany, Pepsi is the Producer of Monster energy drink, and it is available there since Summer/Autumn 2010, also in Australia, Monster Energy drink is distributed by Schweppes as Coca-Cola Amatil manufactures Mother energy drink, which is an exclusive energy drink sold only in Australia and New Zealand. In addition, most companies spend their money on ad agencies, TV commercials, radio spots, and billboards to tell customers how good their product s are, but Monster does not, they choose to support scene, bands, athletes and fans. Monster sponsors athletes so they can make a career out of their passion. Monster is way more than an energy drink. Led by our athletes, musicians, employees, distributors and fans, Monster is A lifestyle in a can.(Monster,2009) Section One Brand campaign descriptors 1.1 Brand information Monster energy drink is belonging of Hansen Natural Corporation manufactures natural including Hansens Natural Soda, Hansens Energy, Hansens Junior Juice, Peace Tea, and Blue Sky. The company is a leading natural soda brand in southern California for the past 30 years (Bowden, 2008). Hubert Hansen began selling fresh ,non pasteurized juices to film studios and retailers in Southern California under the Hansens name in 1930, developed and marketed a variety of Natural sodas and pasteurized shelf stable, 100 percent juices also under the Hansens label. Monster receives a large amount of recognition from its sponsorship of various sporting especially X sports events such skateboard competition. 1.2 Agencies associated with the campaign The brand of Monster would be promoted through the whole campaign. In order to organize a successful brand campaign, several agencies in different areas would be used to associate the campaign. Firstly, Ogilvy Mather Shanghai, a 4A company, would be used as the advertising agency to help the brand design all the advertising products which would publish to public such as posters on the streets, advertising in magazines and newspapers, TV commercials and products on social media to attract audiences. DUSHOW Shanghai branch exhibition services company is another agency that would be used in this campaign. DUSHOW is a company with the experience of helping REDBULL energy drink doing the similar campaign in Shanghai before. The company would help the company find the place for the event is going to be held. 1.3 Brief description of the campaign Monster Company would run a street skating event to promote the brand image in Shanghai market. When mentioned sports especially X sports, people would think about passion and exciting. This fits to the brand image of Monster energy drink. This campaign would deliver the culture and information about the Monster Company and Monster energy drink. At the event, Monster would invite Greg Lutzka, who is one of the best skateboarder and sponsored by Monster, to the event to give fans a fantastic show. What the campaign wants to achieve is to increase the awareness of Monster energy drink in Shanghai market and try to build brand loyalty among regular customers. This campaign of skateboard event would be held in the first two Saturday of July. In Shanghai, the summer holidays will begin in the first of July of 2011. Therefore, our target market would be available when the campaign is running. The campaign would run for three hours from 2:00 PM to 5:00 PM for both Saturdays. It would be super hot at that time in July. In that case, the brand image would be left in peoples mind very deep when they try the Monster product with icy cold in hot weather. 1.4 Visions of the campaign Before the campaign is going to be held, the Monster would have advertising on sports newspapers and X sports magazines. Both of them would be the same vision expect the size. The advertising on magazine would be a full color page and it would be a half color page advertising on news paper. Also, Monster Energy drinks would use Internet to interact with customers and provide them with extra information about the campaign, be it through Monster Energy drinkss official website or through social media such as social websites like of Facebook or Twitter, which are the most two popular social website among teenagers (Qualman, 2011). The reason why using social media as a tool of promotion the campaign is to achieve to teenagers or young couples (including people within the 15 40 years old cohort). Finally, an official website notice vision of the campaign would be on the most clearly position of the website to make sure everyone can notice this information as they open the official webpage of Monster energy drink. The official website is especially useful as it can reach not only the target segment (i.e. youth as buyers), but also an expanded scope of spillover audiences (i.e. motor enthusiast, older sports supporters as users). These tools can be used to gauge the degree of popularity of the campaign as well as provide some feedback from the consumers, which is another reason the company using social media. The campaign would be held in Xu Jia Hui Sports Park which is located in the center of Shanghai and it is one of the most popular sports park and famous for street skate facilities. In that sports park, there is no need to worry about lacking of audience, because that is the place where all the young people are going in Shanghai especially for people who like sports. Furthermore, the location of the park is closed to several big shopping malls. There would be a huge number of people walk by that area. Also, before, the event be held, the company would choose Eastern Morning Sports Daily as the sports newspaper that the advertising going to be put on. It will appear on the second page of the paper an on the bottom of the page. For the TV commercial, Five Star Sports channel is chosen at the TV channel which plays the TV commercial and it will be played before the 6:30 PM sports news. 1.5 Media Company The media company that the Monster energy drink is going to use for this campaign is Focus Media Group. Focus Media Group is Chinas largest Digital Media Group in China. Focus Media could provide a broad portfolio of media advertising forms. This could help the Monster Company running the campaign easier and more efficient. Section Two Campaign analysis Sources: Monster Energy Drink 2.1 Particularly striking about the campaign The skateboarding campaign in Shanghai is planned by Monster Energy Drink. Under this campaign, the company uses a event sponsorship as an approach to achieve their desire. The skateboarding campaign offers opportunities to assess customer response to product immediately. The campaign could be pretty effective as a marketing tool because it can be a means of accessing a wide range of audiences such as decision makers in business, government entities and customers. It is very helpful for the company that take part in international trade, because sports events sponsorship transcends cultural and language barriers (morebusiness.com). The main feature of this campaign is that it uses extreme sports, skateboarding, to establish a link between Monster products with its targeted teenage segment. Teenage segment does not like other age segments. They have their own life style and personalities admiring exciting things and cool events. Therefore, this skateboarding campaign could effectively bridge Monster products to the young customers and reach potential ones. 2.2 Why does it works Although Monster has operated successfully in Europe nations, America and Australia ranking the second largest energy drink company just behind Red Bull. In order to successfully accessing to a new foreign Asian market in China, Monster needs to conduct some activity to see the reflection of the local customer. This skateboarding campaign gives local customer the opportunities to try out the product of Monster firsthand and make the effectiveness measureable for Monster. If its core ideology fit with local culture well, the campaign will gain a active response. And if the response is negative, the corporation still have chance to adjust its strategy before it lose money. So this campaign is worthy to be executed and it improves Monsters awareness and the recall voice of Monster. 2.3Specific factors lead to success 2.3.1 Choice of target audience Unlike the other industries, energy drink is still a new and developing industry and its target market is different and distinctive as well. The target market Monster aimed at is not various, wide and capacious. Although everyone is susceptible to the fatigue of the super-charged, over-worked lifestyle, young people are especially vulnerable to persistent exhaustion and insufficient energy. This group of people, more specifically male teenagers and people in their 20s, are also most likely to believe in the veracity of the energy drinks claims (oppapers.com). Therefore, the Monster Energy Drink is no exception to advance for and advertise to the certain age group. To stressing on the certain young generation, Monster Energy Drink Corporation should be even more particular in their marketing efforts, promoting its products and advertising to attract very specialized consumers base, such as gamers, extreme enthusiasts and the hip-hop crowd. And the influences of this focus on such a ta rget audience could be found in the advertising campaigns of most energy drinks. The marketing strategies that revolve around sponsoring public events or celebrity endorsements reflect this focus (oppapers.com). The skate boarding campaign in Shanghai is also a reflection of the emphasizing on specific customers. Through organizing and sponsoring this extreme sports campaign, the Monster Company could well appeal to Chinese young customers especially Shanghais younger generation. Choice of media Because the Monster Energy Drink focuses on urban market and young customer base, the media choice and media strategy adopted should reach its aims. Brand awareness and image are necessary to succeed. Campaign must connect with the target to encourage trial purchase and eventually brand loyalty. In order to gain enough attractions for this campaign, rational investment in media and unremitting efforts for advertising are demanded. There are some effective ways helping for advertising this campaign. Firstly, television, as a major staple in any campaign, gives a direct demonstration of the advantages of Monster. A profile match strategy will be implemented in TV media approach. Prime time television advertisement in Teens channels and X sports programs is very efficient, such as Adventure and Skate board TV show. Secondly, mobile Billboard is a good choice of advertising. It draws attention to a message by sending it directly to the customer. It could reach a particular demographic ta rget and achieves market saturation. Thirdly, well use of transit is very important too. Through penetrating every part of community, it delivers high-profile exposure near point-of-purchase location. Outdoor advertising offers the lowest cost per thousand, while maintaining the highest frequency (slideshare.net). Electronic direct mail also could demonstrate the benefits of Monster and the information detail about the campaign by sending to target audience and people who enjoy sports or sportsman into extreme action. Finally, Internet and website advertisements are suitable for attracting young age groups attention. As surfing Internet has become a way of life and nearly all teens are accustomed to know events from Internet. Internet advertisement, as a new approach of media advertising, is more likely to reach the young customer base. And it is a more economical way contrasting to the traditional media choices. Good choice of media could help monster to increase top of mind recall , change customers perception and increase share of voice which will in turn facilitate increasing its share of market. 2.4 What could be done to improve its execution? Many young customers and young adults are confused energy drink with sports drink. During the campaign, the demonstration about the differences and the advantages should be revealed. Campaign is a process that Monster Corporation communicates with its consumers. It is important to communicate that Monster energy drink can maintain metal awareness generate energy pulse and it also a good tasting alternative for other caffeinated beverage containing all natural elements. Although it is critical to focus on marketing communication, the frequency of advertising should be managed efficiently to avoid annoying audience. Some extreme sports stars could also be invited into this campaign. Therefore, more extreme sports fans could be attracted and the atmosphere can be boosted and driven. Section Three Brand analysis 3.1 Brand Personality Brand personality is described and measured by those human personality traits that are relevant for brands (Kapferer 2008). The brand characteristics come from different kinds of human personality. Therefore, the brand characteristic creates to achieve them differently in terms of different types of packing and advertising. Monster energy drink has been re-creating the band which is refreshing their brand to reinforce more target customers under new campaign. Monster energy drink has no exception to target to the certain age groups. Especially, teenager and youth groups are the most important groups for company to design the extremely targeted marketing strategy to gain more market share. On the other hand, individuation could represent the brand personality of Monster energy drink. To build the brand, the company should think different to capture more targeted customers. It promoted its products and advertising to attract very specialized consumers base, such as gamers, extreme enth usiasts and the hip-hop crowd. 3.2 Brand Identity Brand identity is a unique set of brand associations implying a promise to customers and includes a core and extended identity (Ghodeswar 2008). Brand Identity is represented by colors, design, logotype, name, and symbol which are brand components in customers mind. The packing of Monster is quite different to other energy drinks. For example, the logo has a claw of Monster. It represents the powerful energy for young people. Also, the name is important factors to influence the awareness of this product. The color of Monster makes consumers to create more imagination and attract more attentions. Monster in advertising campaign is trying to cause consumers to challenge themselves and gain more emotional resonance. Also, the capacity of bottle is installed with the same price. More capacity of bottle is the important marketing strategy to catch more consumers. 3.3 Brand Relationships A brand is an active relationship that customers know the value. A significant brand provides meaning and is important to a person because it connects with their life, and they have behavioral, attitudinal and emotional involvement (Varey 2002). The set of associations linked to a brand is the key components of brand relationship. Marketers work to connect a particular lifestyle or personality with their specific brand. Monster use the typically advertising strategy on social events help consumers link the advertising and packaging with the brands. The target consumer of Monster energy drink is teenager and youth. To reach this two segment, company uses different strategies to communicate with their potential consumers and create more new customers with the same interests. For example, they provide more opportunity to communicate with customer by brand celebration ceremony, sponsor sports competition such as surfing, gaming and racing, doodle exhibition. In addition, the subsidiary c ompany of Monster offers the derivative products to gain more market share such as hats, T-shirts, watch and sports products. Also, Monster energy drink established the plan to promote their products in several ways such as social commercial advertising on roadside, shops refrigerator and back of vocal concert tickets. 3.4 Brand Community The importance of brand community has already become the major trend for company to communicate with their consumers. The famous advertising spokesperson for company could enhance the effectiveness of advertising. For example, Michelin sponsored the races around the world. A numbers of marketers use Tiger Woods as an endorser for their brand. These are the classical tools to implement the brand community as the new strategy and share the brand value through servicing or animations. Wiegandt (2009) claimed that the existence of brand communities has the potential to reduce the cost of advertising, brand communities not only provide firms with a pool of suitable and highly motivated customers to choose from, but also to learn the social knowledge from brand communities. Monster energy drink has built many monster sports communities for their consumers. The Monster Army is one of the largest communities for great numbers of athletes and fans Monster Army could make people get insider ac cess to the Monster Energy lifestyle Athletes, Sponsorship, News, Music, Contests and Events. The Monster Army is a legion of athletes and fans that represent the brand all over the world. People could get together to share the information and experience from the brand communities and they provide a convenient way of communicating to its customer such as Facebook, Twitter, iTunes and YouTube. 3.5 Brand Stakeholder Relations Stakeholders contribute to companys business in exchange for the value that it delivers to them (Finskud 2009). Company need to secure the value of their stakeholders in order to gain more profit from existing market. Successful branding can have a dramatic impact on consumers by providing the opportunities to offer the brand to appropriate stakeholders. Monster is concerning the connection with their stakeholders. They created the new plan for their stakeholders. Monster energy drink has a strong relationship with their rock bands partner. It provides more opportunities for their loyalty consumers to see the great rock singer. Also, it still sponsored some special sports event to attract more potential customers and support their brand communities become successful. 3.6 Brand Semiotics Monster Energy is a brand of energy drink manufactured by Monster Beverage Company of Corona, California. It was one of the first drinks marketed in a 16-ounce can. It is available at most supermarkets and convenience stores in the U.S. and Canada. The original Monster energy drink comes in a black can with a green M logo. Monster pull tabs are unique from standard pull tabs in that they are punched with an M instead of a large hole (Energysip.com 2011). The semiotics is important because its identify Monster energy drink to the world. Monster energy drinks semiotic is all about building brand awareness and people trust about its products. This semiotics will be showed on all promotional item and document so it will support companys image. Also, the attractive semiotics of Monster energy drink could influence the imagination of consumers and pulling the attention of consumers. 3.7 Typography Typography is a design of the text, which covers a wide range of things, such as books, poster and website which are textual. Also, the words on paper or screen affects on the area around the words, the size and proportions of those channels (Friendsofed, 2011). The main job of typographer is to make things clear and to make things work, to make sure that the text is legible and that the underlying structures in the authors manuscript (such as headings, chapters, and sections) are accurately reflected in the final work (Friendsofed, 2011). Typeface is a set of characters drawn from the same design. Times and Arial are typefaces. Strictly speaking, Times Regular and Times Bold are different typefaces, but theyre part of the same typeface family. Typeface is a significant of the visual component (Friendsofed, 2011). 3.8 Brand Strategy Brand strategy is a plan of the brand which will concern with the objectives. As well as, the strategy should be differentiate and maintain the customer which relate to the brands vision. The brand strategy is affect on the brand behavior and brand experience of the business. (Brandchannel, 2010). Developing a brand strategy can be one of the most difficult steps in the marketing plan process. Its often the element that causes most businesses the biggest challenge. Teenagers and young adults are undoubtedly the core consumer group for monster energy drinks. Brand strategy of monster is focus on teens and youths segments. Monster reached its core market of males aged 18 to 32 by flooding retailers with giant cans of its various energy drink offering, in essence supersizing the much smaller cans sold by Red Bull. Its aggressive image, striking packaging, and oversized cans have helped monster expand its position in growing energy drink market. With such a young core consumer base, Mons ter energy drink marketing focuses on youth themes and strategies. Monster improves their brand image through sponsorships of extreme sporting events and lifestyles, such as wakeboarding, skateboarding, motocross, and surfing (Simon, 2007). The most current trend in energy drinks marketing is from its users in cyberspace. Thus, monster energy has created their webpages to show their drinking products and their events. This kind of exposure is a boon to marketers, because they are in effect advertising the products. Moreover, it improve brand image and reflects strong grassroots support. 3.9 Employer Branding It can be defined the Employees branding as an image of the company which will effort to communicate with the current and future employees to make them satisfy with their workplace (Reach Information, 2008). An employer brand is a collection of ideas and beliefs that influence the way current and potential employees view an organisation and the employment experience that organisation is offering. It communicates the companys culture and values and helps to ensure employees are passionate about, and fit in with, the organisational culture to help move the company forward. For an employer brand to be successful, it should focus on the entire employment experience, organisational personality, goals and values. Therefore, the monster corporate brand supports the employer brand. Monster used peers influence to attract great people who have the passion and positive attitude in the job. Also, interview is often the most important battle to win. An organisations employer brand and reputation go a long way in attracting people and this is particularly beneficial for many larger companies. Monster should work harder on their employer brand and promote their image through public relations, advertising and word of mouth. 3.10 Brand culture Brand culture is the cultural dimensions or code of brand history, image, myths, art, and theatre that influence brand meaning in the market place (Schroeder 2008). Monster brand cultural is a company culture in which employees live to brand values, to solve problems and make decisions internally. Monster Energy Drink is one of the newer breed of soft drink. Monster energy is the No. 1 Energy brand in the USA. First launched in the USA in 2002, Monster energy has been the innovator in the energy category in the USA, pioneering the 473ml can, 710ml resalable can, 946ml can, Juice + Energy and Java Monster. Monster energy builds a close and credible association with its core target market through its sponsorship of athletes and events that generate media coverage and re-enforce brand imagery (Schweppes, 2011). Section Four Agency Pitch 4.1 Situational analysis In the future, we would like to choose a new branding approach which promotes Monster into Chinese market. Because China is thought to be the center of the Earth and the third largest country in the world (after Russia and Canada).The country has the largest population in the world. China is a time-honored country; it has more than 5000 years history. The culture of china is more traditional and conservative. After China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO), many retail investors from all over the world are developing quickly in China. They are expanding their market size and share, thus Chinese retailers are facing more severe competition. Chinas economy under the past 30 years has changed from a centrally planned system that was huge closed to international trade to a more market-oriented economy. It has a rapidly increasing private sector and is a major player in the global economy. China is a rapidly rising global economic power. Overall growth has an average which between 7 to 8 percent for more than 10 years, with some markets expanding much more rapidly; In terms of the population of 1.3 billion, China presents the largest consumer market which is the most populous nation in the world. According to The World Factbook (2010), the labor force in China is 813.5 million in 2009 and it is the first rank if compare to the world.The government of China is very stability for foreign company to do international business in these days. In June 2010, China raised their foreign investment to the second-highest even the global economic recovery show signs of weakening. 4.2 Competitor media analysis Monster has a competitor-Red Bull functional/energy drink. Red Bull energy drink is one of the earliest brand names in the field of functional/energy drinks in the world. Through the long-term development and publicity, the Red Bull has been spread into the countries of Asia. It coming into being 40 years ago in the beautiful South East Asian countryThailand, is one of the earliest brand names in the field of functional/energy drinks in the world. Through the long-term development and publicity, the Red Bull has been spread into the countries of Asia. Although the other energy drinks such like Red Bull has already spread in Chinese market. Through Medias and promotion, the Red Bull brand had been widely known in China within two years. 4.3 All about Monster Unlike Most companies, monster energy drink has their characteristics, they did not spend plenty of money to advertising and promotion to tell customers how good their products are, they choose to support scene, bands, athletes and fans. Monster sponsors athletes so they can make a career out of their passion. Monster is way more than an energy drink for customers. Energy drink is the quite new Market in China, and the assumed competitor is Red bull, thus Monsters package will be very different from red bull as it is in U.S.A now. Marketers will also do the localization to fit in the one of largest market in the world, for example: using Chinese character. According to the income level in China, marketers will decide an acceptable price, and the red bulls price in china is definitely our reference, we will make the price 5% lower than red bull. In 2010, Monster Energy will expand their market and release their products to other countries. most companies spend their money on ad agencies, TV commercials, radio spots, and billboards to tell customers how good their products are, but Monster does not, they choose to support scene, bands, athletes and fans. Monster sponsors athletes so they can make a career out of their passion. Because the Monster Energy Drink focuses on urban market and young customer base, the media choice and media strategy adopted should reach its aims. Brand awareness and image are necessary to succeed. Campaign must connect with the target to encourage trial purchase and eventually brand loyalty. In order to gain enough attractions for this campaign, rational investment in media and unremitting efforts for advertising are demanded. There are some effective ways helping for advertising this campaign. Firstly, television, as a major staple in any campaign, gives a direct demonstration of the advantages of Monster. A profile match strategy will be implemented in TV media approach. Prime time television advertisement in Teens channels and X sports programs is very efficient, such as Adventure and Skate board TV show. Secondly, mobile Billboard is a good choice of advertising. It draws attention to a message by sending it directly to the customer. It could reach a particular demographic target and achieves market saturation. Thirdly, well use of transit is very important too. Through penetrating every part of community, it delivers high-profile exposure near point-of-purchase location. We will find the largest drink distributor in the world which is also running business in China to support Monster energy drink, therefore Coca cola will also be our partner in China, same as in U.S.A. In terms of Promotion, we will follow the same methods what Monster now is doing in U.S.A, which is not doing advertising much, but sponsor and support the local athletes, bands, and sport events. 4.4 Limitation Energy drink is a quite new product in the world, thus a lot of information is too hard to reach, and there are rare studies related to energy drink, so the resources researchers can get is limited. In addition, according to our research purpose, during the seminar, all of researchers have agreed that Energy drink is a specific market and different from other soft drinks, it should be individual analyzed, hence, we set up Monsters opponents which are energy drinks companies only. And this decision has become our restriction during the research, because we all focused on energy drink companies, and assumed them as Monsters only opponents. CONCLUSION To sum up, Energy drink is a new campaign in drinks companies, and this market is not only enlarging, but lucrative. Everyone drink company wants to be the first brand in this field. As previous chapters discussed, Red-bull and Monster are considered to be the first-two brands in energy drinks. The competition between them is keen. How can Monster be won in this campaign? In this study, researchers all agreed that Monster should pay more attention on overseas markets, and the reasons is, the endorsers of Monster are all based in USA, but worldwide famous in their own audiences, on the other words, their followers are everywhere crossing over the world, thus Monster should utilize this opportunity to introduce their product broadly, and build up their brand image as well. For example, Energy drinks in most oriental countries is not common at the moment, consumers there are still need to be developed, Monster should try to be there as the first arrived energy drink, and then proceed to branding themselves as the first brand energy drink through most common social medias, meanwhile doing the same method as they are still working on in USA, sponsor the local stars and sport event, localizing themselves, furthermore, while Monster is worldwide everywhere, they can earn not only income but also the reputation, this could be another positive instrument for Monster to win the competition in their hometown USA. Researchers believe this way could be help for Monster energy drinks future business

Accounting :: Free Essay Writer

I - A. â€Å" Representational faithfulness is accomplished when transactions and events affecting the entity are presented in financial statements in a manner that is in agreement with the actual underlying transactions and events† (CICA, Financial statement Concepts 1000.21 (a), 2003). It means that all of information in the financial statement such as numbers and descriptions must be factual. The independent auditors checked the computer ID tags on each piece of equipment to confirm the actual numbers, and for that reason Byrn Company observes the representational faithfulness that is one of subsets of reliability. I - B. â€Å"The consistency principle states that businesses should use the same accounting methods and procedures from period to period† (Harrison, Horngren, Lemon, & Lemon, 2004, p. 279) Hence the financial statement of Carroll Company violates the consistency principle. I - C. â€Å"The time-period concept ensures that accounting information is reported at regular intervals† (Harrison, Horngren, Lemon, & Lemon, 2004, p. 114). Still, the company believes that quarterly financial information can be issued whenever it is convenient for the accounting department, and they published its first three quarterly reports during the 10th month of the year. Consequently the financial statement of Dawn’s Data Enterprises violates the timeliness that is one of subsets of relevance. I - D. â€Å"The financial statement representation of a transaction or event is verifiable if knowledgeable and independent observers would concur that it is in agreement with the actual underlying transaction or event with a reasonable degree of precision. Verifiability focuses on the correct application of a basis of measurement† (CICA, Financial statement Concepts 1000.21 (b), 2003). Even though the comptroller of the bank knows the electric pencil sharpener may qualify as an asset by years of benefit expected, he decided that the cost of the sharpener should be expensed. As a result, the financial statement of the bank violates the verifiability that is one of subsets of reliability. I - E. â€Å"Information that helps users to predict an entity’s future income and cash flows has predictive value† (CICA, Financial statement Concepts 1000.20 (a), 2003). The company’s financial statements show ten years successful operation, and it helps Bill to invest in the company. The financial statement of Wilson Enterprises follows the predictive value and feedback value which is one of subsets of relevance. II - A. A dress shop purchases a $3,500 sewing machine to use for alterations. A dress shop’s assets increase amount of $3,500 because assets mean all resources owned by a business.

Franklin Roosevelt Essay -- essays research papers

Franklin Delano Roosevelt, (1882-1945), 32nd president of the United States. Roosevelt became president in March 1933 at the depth of the Great Depression. He was reelected for three more terms, and died in office in April 1945. He was a fascinating idealist whose confidence helped carry on the American people during the strains of economic crisis and world war even though he had an attack of poliomyelitis, which paralyzed his legs in 1921. He was one of America's most touchy leaders. Though Roosevelt labored hard to end the Depression, he had not very much success. It was not until 1939 and 1940 that success returned. Roosevelt also showed limits in his handling of foreign policy. In the 1930's he did not warn right away the danger of tyranny, and during the war he relied greatly on his charm and personality in the conduct of peacekeeping. Roosevelt's reputation is very high. In acting upon the Great Depression he did a lot to develop a good state in the United States and to make the federal government and means of social and economic reform. As president, Roosevelt passed as many bills, lobbing for as much congressional support as he could get to aid him in his attempts to help the unemployed, starving and poor people that society had forgotten. Never in the history of the United States had there ever been such a terrible, long-lasting, economic depression then the one that began just before President Roosevelt ran for his first presidential election. Thirteen million peo...

Nothing in Common :: Personal Narrative Essays

Nothing in Common    After 19 years of marriage I decided it was time to try living on my own. It took another year and a half for me to actually do it. I had married my husband when I was barely out of high school and promptly gave birth to three sons in rapid succession. I won't go into the details of those 19 years. My husband was a good husband and an okay father. After about 10 years I realized that we were two completely different people with absolutely nothing in common except for our sons.    Moving out was the most devastating and liberating thing that I ever did. I first set myself up in a small above-garage apartment. I had no furniture except my bed and my computer. My first night there I sat in the empty living room listening to the sirens in downtown Lake Worth, a far cry from the peaceful cocks crowing in Jupiter Farms. The emotions running through me were a strange and horrible mix of elation, sorrow, and fear. What had I done?    After a few weeks I began to settle in. I had a full-time job with FPL, I saw my sons often, and I discovered the joy of solitude - something I hadn't known in a very long while with three boys and their friends always under foot. In the mornings I would have a cup of coffee on my balcony and then take a walk to the Intercoastal, which was only two blocks from my apartment. My chaotic soul started to slowly heal and slow down to a peaceful pace.    In the silence of that apartment I had plenty of opportunity to look hard at myself. I took advantage of the silence and finished writing the two books on healthcare and childcare in the late 1800's that I had barely begun a few years before. Those two books were published a year later. I renewed my love of poetry and spent hours reading the works of Pound, Rich, Atwood, and others. I decided to return to college.    I spent four months in my sanctuary over the garage. Then I went home. Everyone thought I would be the same, that life would be the same.

Economics of Consumption Tax on Unhealthy Goods.

Economics of Consumption Tax on Unhealthy Goods. Introduction: Unhealthy consumption prevails in the fields of nutrition, energy and transport. Taxing is one a solution to provide a healthier living. With globalization, qualities of goods do fail to meet the international standards. International movements of goods which damage health are increasing with Cross border marketing, promoting unhealthy behaviours of alcohol and tobacco consumption and unhealthy diets. (Richard Smith, 2003). The report narrows down to Daily life consumption of tobacco and alcohol considering the impact of individual’s income, price of the produce and the substitutions available briefing on supply and demand. The taxing of unhealthy goods is segmented under consumption taxation rather than on income. For addictive goods, the level of consumption today not only causes harm tomorrow, but also increases the marginal benefit of future consumption. Literally every country charges through some sort of ad valorem tax through value added tax, sales tax or an expenditure tax. Economic Models to study Demand for Cigarettes: Studies on demand for cigarettes have applied several types of economic models to different types of data with various estimation techniques. In general, two types of economic models are used: the conventional demand model and the addictive demand model. These models have been applied to two types of data: aggregate level data including time-series data for a single geographical unit and pooled cross-sectional time-series data, and individual level of survey data. Conventional demand models which use aggregate data normally specify the demand equation in a way that the quantity of cigarettes demanded is a function of cigarette prices, income, tobacco control policies and a variety of socioeconomic and demographic factors. But there are two exceptions (Baltagi and Goel, 1987; Peterson et al. , 1992), in which a quasi-experiment approach was used to compare changes in cigarette consumption in states in the United States that have raised cigarette taxes to consumption in states where taxes have not changed. A small but growing number of studies have used data on individuals taken from large-scale surveys (Lewit et al. , 1981; Lewit and Coate, 1982; Grossman et al. , 1983; Chaloupka and Pacula, 1998; Farrelly et al. , 1998). These studies differ from those using aggregated data, in that they normally estimate a two-part model, by estimating firstly the probability that an individual will smoke and, secondly, the level of consumption among smokers. The conventional demand model does not account for the addictive nature of cigarette smoking. There are several versions of the addictive model that have been used for studying the demand for cigarettes: the imperfectly rational addiction model, myopic addiction model and rational addiction model (Chaloupka and Warner, 1999). The rational addictive model is the most recent model used for modelling demand for cigarettes (Becker and Murphy, 1988; Becker et al. , 1991; Pekurinen, 1991; Chaloupka, 1990, 1991, 1992; Keeler et al. , 1993). The rationality here simply implies that individuals incorporate the interdependence between past, current, and future consumption into their utility maximization processes. This is in contrast to the assumption, implicit in myopic models of addictive behaviours, that future implications are ignored when making the current decision. Empirically, the demand equation is specified as the quantity of cigarettes demanded in the current period being a function of both past and future consumption as well as those other factors included in the conventional demand model. Becker and Murphy (1988) and Becker et al. (1991) developed several hypotheses from the basic rational addiction model. First, the quantities of the addictive good consumed in different time periods are complementary. As a result, current consumption of an addictive good is inversely related to not only the current prices of the good, but also to the all past and future prices. Consequently, the long-term effect of a permanent change in prices will exceed the short-term effect. Moreover, the ratio of the long-term to short-term price effect increases as the degree of addition rises. In addition, the model predicts that the impact of an nticipated price change will be greater than that of a comparable un-anticipated price change, while a permanent price change will have a larger impact on demand than a temporary price change. Finally, price responsiveness varies with time preference: addicts with higher discount rates will be more responsive to changes in money prices that those with lower discount rates. Specific variables included in the demand model of each study vary, depending on the economic mode l used and the availability and type of the data. Important factors that have been evaluated include costs of cigarette smoking, consumers’ income, cigarette advertising and other promotion activities, and health information. The cost of cigarette smoking should be defined broadly, including not only the purchase price of cigarettes, but the time and other costs associated with smoking. Restrictions on smoking in public places and private work sites, for example, impose additional costs on smokers by forcing them outdoors to smoke, by increasing the time and discomfort associated with smoking, or by imposing fines for smoking in restricted areas. Similarly, limits on access to tobacco by youth may increase the time and potential legal costs associated with smoking. Supply and Demand- Price Elasticities : Cigarette consumption is found to be negatively related to price. The estimated price elasticity from those studies using aggregated data varies from -0. 14 to -1. 23, but most fall in the narrower range from -0. 3 to -0. 5, including the result from the two quasi-experimental studies (Baltagi and Goel, 1987; Peterson et al. , 1992). The estimated price elasticities from the studies using individual-level data, in general, are comparable to those estimates from the studies using the aggregate data. Nearly all of the studies of the price-demand relationship focus on the developed countries. Warner (1990) argued that price responsiveness in less developed countries is likely to be greater than in more developed countries, given the relatively low incomes and relatively lower level of cigarette consumption by smokers in poor countries. Are young smokers more or less sensitive to prices? The question of whether youth are more or less responsive to prices than are adults has been examined in a number of studies using individual-level data (Lewit, et al. , 1981; Lewit and Coate, 1982; Grossman et al. , 1983; Chaloupka, 1998). Findings from those studies are mixed. The earlier studies on this issue found that youth are more sensitive to prices than are adults. This result, however, was challenged by the study done by Wasserman et al. (1991), which found that the price responsiveness of youth was not significantly different from that of adults. Recent studies of youth and young adult smoking (Chaloupka and Grossman, 1996; Farrelly et al. , 1998; Tauras and Chaloupka, 1998) generally supported the earlier results that the price sensitivity of cigarette demand was inversely related to age. Those recent studies estimated the price elasticity of demand for cigarettes by youth was between -1. 1 and -1. 3, very similar to -1. 44 estimated Lewit et al. in1981. The price responsiveness of sub-population groups by income levels has been investigated by a number of researchers (Chaloupka, 1991; Townsend et al. , 1994; Farrelly et al. , 1998). Results from those studies indicate that cigarette demand is less price elastic for more educated or higher income individuals. The economics of â€Å"sin taxes†: Economists always draw sharp distinction between private costs and benefits and externalities. Where goods generate externalities when consumed, and where consumers make well informed, rational choices, efficient consumption choices would be made if tax levied at rate equal to marginal external cost. The 3 main categories of smoking and drinking externalities: -Direct externalities like Costs of passive smoking, Injury to victims of alcohol-fuelled violence and accidents. Costs of collectively-funded medical treatment and care– Treatment of the individual smoker / drinker for tobacco / alcohol –related conditions, other differences in medical treatment and care costs arising from individual consumption. -Other net public expenditure effects like forgone pensions and revenue effects. Under perfect compet ition the supply curve is the marginal cost to the firms in the business. Any costs that are borne by neither the seller nor the buyer must be added to these costs to create the social cost of the good. On the assumption that the only people who benefit from the consumption of the goods are the consumer themselves, the demand curve is the social benefit curve. |Figure 1 : Modelling Externalities | | | |[pic] | |Source :Issues in Economics Today, Robert | So, instead of coming to the market solution of a price-quantity combination P*-Q*, the socially optimal combination is P`-Q`. That is, if there is a market for a good where some of the costs spill over to others, then the market will produce too much of the good and charge too little for it. Modeling Taxes – Government Intervention To correct an externality, we can tax the osffending good, we can limit its use, and we can forbid its use. Of these options, taxes are most appealing to economists, as they allow people who are willing to pay all of the costs of their consumption to go ahead and consume. Using taxes in this way has the positive effect of discouraging those people who are not willing to pay the costs from becoming consumers of the undesirable or unhealthy good. |Figure 2 : Effect of Tax | | | |[pic] | |Source :Economics, John Sloman | When a tax is imposed on a good, this will have the effect of shifting the supply curve upwards by the amount of the tax. In the case of a specific tax, it will be a parallel shift, since the amount of the tax is the same at all prices. In the case of an advalorem tax, the curve will swing upwards. At a zero price there would be no tax and hence no shifts in the supply curve. As price rises, so the gap between the original and new supply curves will widen, since a given percentage tax will be a larger absolute amount the higher the price. The curve shift upwards by the amount of the tax because the firm is persuaded to produce the same quantity as before the imposition of the tax(Q1),and they must now receive a price which allows them fully to recoup the tax they have to pay(P1 + tax). The effect of the tax is to raise price and reduce quantity. Price will not rise by the full amount of the tax, however, because the demand curve is downward sloping. The price rises only to P2. Thus the burden or incidence of such taxes is distributed between consumers and producers. Consumers pay to the extent that price rises. Producers pay to the extent this rise in price is not sufficient to cover the tax. Discussions Increase in price of A will Increase the demand for B and vice versa. High taxation should relatively increase the consumption of quality goods. When related with the income of the general public the consumption is high when the income is high and would prefer luxury products over cheaper items. The availability of alternatives impact the consumption behaviour, people move towards cheaper produces. The consumption level is cut-down by stages and level of quitting or rehabilitation stages increase with alcohol than cigarettes with a relative cheaper price tag (diminishing marginal rate of substitution). The alternative of direct consumption of tobacco (oral or nasal stuffs) are taxed less than the branded cigarettes for example, some tax higher tar and nicotine cigarettes at higher rates than lower tar or nicotine cigarettes, while others impose lower taxes on smaller and/or filtered cigarettes than on longer and/or unfiltered cigarettes. The structure of tobacco taxes in most countries is a mix of both specific and ad valorem taxes that varies across tobacco products. (Frank J. Chaloupka et al) The consumption levels are just a trade-off between the available choices. The positive effect of tax is over powered by the illegal substitutes of drugs and addictive consumption. In addition, many suggest that ad valorem taxes are likely to lead to reductions in average product quality as producers and consumers switch to lower cost tobacco products (Barzel, 1976; British American Tobacco, 1994; Sobel and Garrett, 1997). The high market price will catalyze higher criminal activities as it becomes a habit to consume illegal products with the demand being almost constant. With increase in price the supply tends to increase. But in the addictive market, the supply curve facing issues of quality uncertainty tends to move upward depicting the decrease in supply even if the product is in the thick market. The supply curve literally becomes vertical reflecting on whatever the price market will bear even in the presence of multiple entrants. In the short run, with the demand being highly in-elastic, suppliers would enjoy setting up high price benefit from a high margin of profit after tax. Fluctuating around the firms’ marginal cost, higher prices does not bring in extra supply power. Rather excise tax on tobacco and alcohol are highly regressive in a longer-run where it is a loss to the firm making to exit from the industry. A tax increases the cost of selling each unit of a product and therefore usually decreases the willingness of sellers to supply given quantities. (Joseph J. Cordes et al, 2005). The higher the price elasticity of supply of a good or service, the greater the excess burden of a tax on its sale and vice versa. Conclusion: One can conclude the inelasticity of the demands for unhealthy goods (tobacco and alcohol) increases the consumption taxation as a whole with increase in revenue for the government. On a long run, chances are high for a shift towards elastic demand with respect to the prices. This allows a room for thinking for the policy makers to improve on the taxation procedure by concentrating on the supply side more than the consumer side of the market. References: Becker GS et al. (1991). ‘Rational addiction and the effect of price on consumption’. American Economic Review . Vol. 81 (2),pp. 237-41. Becker GS, et al (1994). ‘An empirical analysis of cigarette addiction’. American Economic Review. Vol. 84(3), pp. 396-418. Becker & Murphy KM (1988). ‘A theory of rational addiction’. Journal of Political Economy. Vol. 96(4), pp. 675-700 Chaloupka FJ. (1991). ‘Rational addictive behavior and cigarette smoking’. Journal of Political Economy . Vol. 99(4),pp. 722-42. Chaloupka FJ. (1998). ‘The Impact of Proposed Cigarette Price Increases’. Policy Analysis No. 9, Health Sciences Analysis Project. Washington: Advocacy Institute. Chaloupka FJ & Pacula RL. (1998). ‘An Examination of Gender and Race Differences in Youth Smoking Responsiveness to Price and Tobacco Control Policies’. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 6541. Chaloupka FJ, Warner KE . (1999). ‘The economics of smoking’. In: Newhouse JP, Culyer AJ, editors. The Handbook of Health Economics. Ediiton. 1, Chapter. 29, pp. 1539-1627. Chaloupka FJ, Wechsler H. (1997). ‘Price tobacco control policies and smoking among young adults’. Journal of Health Economics. Vol. 16(3), pp. 359-73. Peter Earl, Tim Wakeley (2005). Business Economics: A Contemporary Approach. Berkshire: McGraw – Hill Education. Frank, R. (2008). ‘The Economic Naturalist: Why Economics Explains Almost Everything’. Virgin Books. John Sloman (2000). Economics. (Fourth Edition). Essex. : Prentice Hall. Joseph et al(2005). Encyclopedia of taxation and tax policy’. (Second Edition). Washiington. : Urban Institute Press Mirrlees, J. , (2000). ‘What taxes should there be? ’. Paper Presented at the 7th Annual Conference, Toulouse, France. March 24. Robert C. Guell (2005). ‘Issues in Economics Today’ (Second Edition). New York. :Tata Mcgraw Hill -Irwin Selected case studies: ‘Issues in the global tobacco economy’. Food and Agriculture Organ ization of the United Nations,Rome, 2003. ———————– Word Count: 2192